Parts of Speech

The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence.

There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word classes): nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes. Prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time, prepositions of place etc. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc.
https://www.grammar.cl/english/parts-of-speech.htm

Simple Parts of Speech:

ADJ: adjective
ADP: adposition
ADV: adverb
AUX: auxiliary verb
CONJ: coordinating conjunction
DET: determiner
INTJ: interjection
NOUN: noun
NUM: numeral
PART: particle
PRON: pronoun
PROPN: proper noun
PUNCT: punctuation
SCONJ: subordinating conjunction
SYM: symbol
VERB: verb
X: other
https://spacy.io/usage/spacy-101#annotations-pos-deps
https://universaldependencies.org/

ClearNLP Dependency Labels

ACL - Clausal modifier of noun
ACOMP - Adjectival complement
ADVCL - Adverbial clause modifier
ADVMOD - Adverbial modifier
AGENT - Agent
AMOD - Adjectival modifier
APPOS - Appositional modifier
ATTR - Attribute
AUX - Auxiliary
AUXPASS - Auxiliary (passive)
CASE - Case marker
CC - Coordinating conjunction
CCOMP - Clausal complement
COMPOUND - Compound modifier
CONJ - Conjunct
CSUBJ - Clausal subject
CSUBJPASS - Clausal subject (passive)
DATIVE - Dative
DEP - Unclassified dependent
DET - Determiner
DOBJ - Direct Object
EXPL - Expletive
INTJ - Interjection
MARK - Marker
META - Meta modifier
NEG - Negation modifier
NOUNMOD - Modifier of nominal
NPMOD - Noun phrase as adverbial modifier
NSUBJ - Nominal subject
NSUBJPASS - Nominal subject (passive)
NUMMOD - Number modifier
OPRD - Object predicate
PARATAXIS - Parataxis
PCOMP - Complement of preposition
POBJ - Object of preposition
POSS - Possession modifier
PRECONJ - Pre-correlative conjunction
PREDET - Pre-determiner
PREP - Prepositional modifier
PRT - Particle
PUNCT - Punctuation
QUANTMOD - Modifier of quantifier
RELCL - Relative clause modifier
ROOT - Root
XCOMP - Open clausal complement

Syntactic dependencies

A syntactic dependency is a relation between two words in a sentence with one word being the governor and the other being the dependent of the relation. Syntactic dependencies often form a tree.

Dependency grammar (DG) is a class of modern grammatical theories that are all based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the constituency relation of phrase structure) and that can be traced back primarily to the work of Lucien Tesnière. Dependency is the notion that linguistic units, e.g. words, are connected to each other by directed links. The (finite) verb is taken to be the structural center of clause structure. All other syntactic units (words) are either directly or indirectly connected to the verb in terms of the directed links, which are called dependencies. Dependency grammar differs from phrase structure grammar in that while it can identify phrases it tends to overlook phrasal nodes. A dependency structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. Dependency structures are flatter than phrase structures in part because they lack a finite verb phrase constituent, and they are thus well suited for the analysis of languages with free word order, such as Czech or Warlpiri.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/syntactic-dependency
https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W18-2907.pdf